IoT significa “Internet De Las Cosas” (Internet of Things en sus siglas en inglés). Es un concepto un poco abstracto pero que ha estado ganando bastante popularidad en los últimos meses. La idea que intenta representar queda bastante bien ilustrada por su nombre, cosas cotidianas que se conectan al Internet, pero en realidad se trata de mucho más que eso.
La idea de conectar objetos a redes remotas no es nada nuevo. Desde hace más de 30 años se viene trabajando en hacer más interactivos los objetos cotidianos. Ideas como el hogar inteligente y ciudades inteligente ya llevan años dando vuelta en las mentes de las marcas líderes.
Si tuviéramos que dar una definición del Internet de las cosas probablemente lo mejor sería decir que se trata de una red que interconecta objetos físicos, y en muchas ocasiones esta red se vale de Internet para conectarse remotamente con otras redes. Los objetos se valen de sistemas embebidos, o lo que es lo mismo, hardware especializado que le permite no solo la conectividad al Internet, sino que además programa eventos específicos en función de las tareas que le sean dictadas remotamente.
Hay que tener en cuenta que estos “objetos inteligentes” de los que hablamos no siempre se conectan directamente a Internet. La mayoría de veces se conectan a través de protocolos locales como Bluetooth, NFC y RFID a un teléfono móvil, a un router de una casa, a un sistema de pago, o a un sistema de control industrial. Muchas veces estas conexiones y datos se quedan dentro de las redes internas de las empresas u hogares.
En el Internet de las Cosas las “cosas” no son siempre cosas, y se conectan a redes que no son siempre Internet. Mejor pensar en el nombre de IoT como metáfora de que nuestros objetos se vuelven inteligentes, aprenden a sentir el mundo alrededor de ellos y adquieren la capacidad de comunicarse entre sí, con otros sistemas en Internet y con nosotros.
¿Cómo funciona el Internet de las Cosas?
Como ya hemos dicho, el truco en todo esto está en los sistemas embebidos. Se trata de chips y circuitos que comparados con, por ejemplo, un smartphone, podrían parecernos muy rudimentarios, pero que cuentan con todas las herramientas necesarias para cumplir labores especializadas muy especificas.
No hay un tipo específico de objetos conectados al Internet de las cosas. En lugar de eso se les puede clasificar como objetos que funcionan como sensores y objetos que realizan acciones activas. Claro, los hay que cumplen ambas funciones de manera simultánea. Los sensores se llevan gran parte del papel en esta película. Con el avance a pasos agigantados de la tecnología, cada vez es más sencillo encontrar sensores de mejor calidad y a mejor precio, y sobre todo con mayor alcance en funcionalidades. Tenemos sensores que hacen la mayor parte del trabajo por nosotros. La revolución de los sensores inteligentes ha comenzado!
Las redes de objetos del Internet de las Cosas por lo regular tienen un punto final llamado Gateway, el cual recopila la información de los objetos conectados y transmite esta información a servidores remotos en donde dichos datos serán tratados. Estas transmisiones pueden ser realizados por protocolos bien conocidos como HTTP y HTTPS, o bien por protocolos más recientes y especializados en el IoT como los son MQTT y CoAP.
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